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Aging & Natural Selection

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Aging & Natural Selection

Because the world as we know it didn't contain complex organisms like ourselves in the very beginning, the definition of aging is hard to apply to all living things.

Bacteria and viruses can reproduce in a matter of minutes, living endlessly as they mutate into hardier and hardier strains. As they reproduce, the parents become the offspring due to cell replication, and thus the parent remains active, never reaching maturity, aging, or dying.

Viruses, bacteria, and other small organisms can stay dormant for thousands of years - an existence that is a lot longer than our own, needless to say.

The origins of aging and the endless theories that followed weren't simple. As soon as more complex living creatures came around, the concept of aging took shape. It was initially believed that aging and death were only imminent after an organism was sexually active. If it hadn't fulfilled the function of reproduction, the subject wasn't ready to die.

Theories also suggest that the way genetic material was initially replicated in the beginning was due to organisms eating each other, thus interchanging and doubling their inherent chromosomes within the body.

As a result, the cells would replicate into an offspring, and the organism would then reach maturity to deteriorate and die. In this scenario, parent organisms go through aging and maturity, as opposed to the original occurrences when cells remained as offsprings themselves.

The theory of natural selection revolves entirely around this last hypothesis. But it was a lot more advanced, and accounted for the variables associated with our habitat shaping our skills, intelligence, and abilities.

It suggested death was not only a result of reproductive fulfillment, but also of a subject not actually fulfilling their purpose either by choice or circumstance. Thus the term "survival of the fittest."

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BONUS : Aging Hearts

As we discussed in the newsletter "The Anatomy of the Heart," we mentioned the importance of the heart as a way to oxygenate the body. As we age, changes in the structure of the heart modify its ability to pump blood and nourish body cells with renewed oxygen.

Located in the bottom left section of the heart, the left ventricle is responsible for sending oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. As young adults, our left ventricle has a specific size and blood volume. But as we age, that volume is diminished. Because the left ventricle's wall thickens as we age, the amount of blood it contains is significantly reduced.

As a result, the amount of blood pumped into our bodies and the volume of oxygen transported into our tissues is reduced as well. Because the left ventricle suffers the expansion of its walls, three aspects that rule the heart are affected.

(1) Stroke volume is reduced. The term "stroke volume" is used to refer to the amount of blood that the heart can pump into the body each beat. This is directly proportional to the volume of blood that goes through the heart, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the ventricular walls.

(2) Cardiac output lowers. The term "cardiac output" refers to the heart's efficiency at pumping oxygenated blood per minute. The number that represents cardiac output it calculated by multiplying the pulse by the stroke volume. This gives the volume of blood pumped every 60 seconds.

(3) Oxygen consumption decreases. Because body cells become weakened and not as functional when we age, the body's ability to receive and consume the oxygen provided by the blood can be also diminished. As cardiac output declines, so does our body's ability to supply oxygen to the targeted tissues. To calculate, the volume of oxygen extracted from the blood is multiplied by the cardiac output.

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