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Induced Abortion

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Title:
Induced Abortion

Word Count:
629

Summary:
One of the most sensitive and intimate decisions made by an individual or by a couple is that of fertility control. This decision is often based on deeply held religious or philosophical convictions. Thus, the clinician must approach the patientÂ’s fertility needs with particular sensitivity, empathy, maturity, and nonjudgmental behavior.

However, it must be recognized that there is a considerable need for contraception.


Keywords:
Induced Abortion, Abortion


Article Body:
Induced abortion is the deliberate termination of pregnancy in a manner that ensures that the embryo or fetus will not survive. Attitudes of society toward elective abortion have undergone marked changes in the past few decades. In some situations the need for abortion is accepted by most people, but political and medical attitudes regarding induced abortion have continued to lag behind changing philosophies. Some religious concepts remain unchanged, resulting in personal, medical, and political conflicts.

About one-third of the worldÂ’s population lives in nations with nonrestrictive laws governing abortion. Another third live in countries with moderately restrictive abortion laws, ie, where unwanted pregnancies may not be terminated as a matter of right or personal decision but only on broadly interpreted medical, psychologic, and sociologic indications. The remainder live in countries where abortion is illegal without qualification or is allowed only when the womanÂ’s life or health would be severely threatened if the pregnancy were allowed to continue.

An estimated 1 out of every 4 pregnancies in the world is terminated by induced abortion, making it perhaps the most common method of reproduction limitation. In the U.S., estimates of the number of criminal abortions performed prior to legalization of the procedure ranged from 0.25-1.25 million per year. The number of legal abortions now being performed in this country approximates 1 abortion per 4 live births. In 1997, there were 1.33 million induced abortions compared to 3.88 million live births.

Legal Aspects of Induced Abortion in the United States
The United States Supreme Court ruled in 1973 (1) that the restrictive abortion laws in the U.S. were invalid, largely because these laws invaded the individual’s right to privacy, and (2) that an abortion could not be denied to a woman in the first 3 months of pregnancy. The Court indicated that after 3 months a state may “regulate the abortion procedure in ways that are reasonably related to maternal health” and that after the fetus reaches the stage of viability (about 24 weeks) the states may refuse the right to terminate the pregnancy except when necessary for the preservation of the life or health of the mother. Still, much opposition is raised by various “right-to-life” groups and religious groups. In spite of this opposition, over 1 million procedures are still performed annually in the United States, with about one-third being performed on teenaged women. This dramatically emphasizes the inadequacy of sex education and the need for greater availability of adequate contraceptive methods in order to avoid such pregnancy wastage.

Evaluation of Patients Requesting Induced Abortion
Patients give varied reasons for requesting abortion. Since in some cases the request is made at the urging of the womanÂ’s parents or in-laws, husband, or peers, every effort should be made to ascertain that the patient herself desires abortion for her own reasons. In addition, one should be certain that she knows she is free to choose among other methods of solving the problem of unplanned pregnancy, eg, adoption or single-parent rearing.

Although the majority of abortions are performed as elective procedures, ie, because of social or economic reasons as opposed to medical reasons, some women still request such services for medical or surgical indications. For example, for women with certain medical conditions, such as EisenmengerÂ’s complex and cystic fibrosis, continuation of pregnancy may pose a threat to the life of the mother. Other indications are pregnancy resulting from a rape or pregnancy with a fetus affected with a major disorder, eg, trisomy 13. In any event, the ultimate decision rests with the pregnant woman.

Please visit Induced abortion, Contraception and Methods of contraceptionfor more information.


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BONUS : Title:
Infertility a national problem

Word Count:
417

Summary:
Sometimes fertility treatment doesn’t work and you may need time to recover physically and emotionally before thinking about tying again. A doctor should be your first ‘port of call’ if you are looking for the reason for your infertility as there are many possible reasons for the problem. It is just as important to know which partner has the problem as it is to know what the couple can do about it when they see an infertility specialist.


Keywords:
infertility, female infertility,male infertility


Article Body:
Sometimes fertility treatment doesn’t work and you may need time to recover physically and emotionally before thinking about tying again. A doctor should be your first ‘port of call’ if you are looking for the reason for your infertility as there are many possible reasons for the problem. It is just as important to know which partner has the problem as it is to know what the couple can do about it when they see an infertility specialist. Figures for America show, for instance, that about one in every nine couples have an infertility problem leading to childlessness.

A full physical examination is only normally carried out when a couple have been trying to conceive for over a year and their doctor needs to assess their general state of health ad discover if there is any reason for the infertility.

Many older women convince themselves mentally, after listening to or reading misleading information that they are to old to conceive. Your emotional and mental condition can also dictate the chances of becoming pregnant and many couple have convinced themselves so completely that they wonÂ’t get pregnant that this attitude destroys any attempts to cure the situation.

Another infertility problem is known as Secondary Infertility and is characterized by the inability for a woman to conceive after a year of unprotected sexual intercourse following the delivery of the first child. For many males, it is the sperm that is causing the infertility problem. This is often caused by high levels of oxidative stress and it creates a problem with the sperm quality. Clinical research suggests that by reducing this oxidative stress that the quality of the sperm will be improved and increase the chance of conception.

Fertility can also be enhanced by the use of natural vitamins and supplements to improve the overall health of the body and it wonÂ’t harm any infertility treatments you are currently undergoing. Another aspect to this is the cost, as staying healthy and improving your chances of fertility with vitamins and other supplements compared to that of infertility treatment, and medical procedures, is low in contrast. If your infertility problem is stress related you may want to try acupuncture which helps the release of endorphins and other chemicals that help reduce stress.

Fertility treatment isnÂ’t always covered by your medical insurance although you could claim that it is a necessary and legitimate medical procedure. Fortunately, infertility treatment is tax-deductible if you are unsuccessful with your medical insurance company.


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