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How To Use A Token Economy To Shape Your Child S Behavior

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How To Use A Token Economy To Shape Your Child's Behavior.

A token economy is a behavioral modification technique that was first used in mental institutions to reinforce and establish desirable behaviors in their patients. Today you can find token economies being used in schools, treatment programs, and some families have found its usefulness in shaping their children's behavior. The token economy is a system in which targeted behaviors are reinforced with tokens (secondary reinforcers) and are later exchanged for rewards (primary reinforcers). Tokens can be in the form of fake money, buttons, poker chips, stickers, etc. While rewards can range anywhere from snacks to privileges/activities.

To establish a token economy in your home first you must identify the behaviors you want your children to change (desirable behaviors). These behaviors could include completing homework, brushing teeth, coming home on time, completing chores, not arguing, going to bed without a hassle, etc. You will want to limit your focus to a maximum of three or four behaviors at a time in order to keep things manageable.

Next, decide what you will use for tokens. You may want to assign different tokens for each of your children to reduce the risk of taking each other's tokens. You will also want to use something that can't be counterfeited.

Primary reinforcers need to be identified and can include such things as snacks, activities, or privileges like watching television, playing at a friends, computer time, etc. Now that the desired behaviors are identified, as are the primary reinforcers, you will need to set a value for each of them. That is, when a desired behavior occurs how many tokens is it going to be worth. Also, when your child wants to exchange the tokens they have earned for a primary reinforcer, there will need to be a predetermined value placed on the primary reinforcer. For example, if your child goes the entire day without fighting with their brother they could earn one or two tokens. As a primary reinforcer you could have playing at a friends house. It could cost them thee tokens. The trick is striking the right balance between what they are earning each day and what they will typically expend on primary reinforcers. If tokens come to easily then the primary reinforcers lose their value. While if primary reinforcers are priced too high or tokens are too difficult to earn then your child may give up.

Now that you have they system in place you are ready to implement it. First, identify three or four behaviors you want to reinforce. Then list them and decide how many tokens each behavior is going to be worth. You may want to put this list on the fridge or some place where it can be easily seen. Next you will identify what will be used as primary reinforcers and determine how many tokens each will cost. This list should be placed some place easily seen too.

When you catch your children engaging in the behaviors you have identified, reinforce the behavior by providing the predetermined number of tokens. It is important to couple the dispersing of tokens with a behavioral description of what you saw and verbal praise. Eventually, you will want to move on to other behaviors that you want to reinforce and will rely solely on verbal praise to maintain previously established behaviors. The reinforcement schedule should transition from a continuous schedule of reinforcement (1 behavior : 1 token) to a variable ration schedule of reinforcement (3-5 behavior : 1 token). Last you will fade out tokens completely using only praise to maintain the behavior. You will then focus on other behaviors and repeat the same pattern.

Your children will need to be responsible to keep track of and manage the tokens they earn. There will come a time when they will want to purchase a primary reinforcers. They should always pay for them before being allowed to engage in or partake of primary reinforcers otherwise the program loses its credibility. If they run out of or lose their tokens they simply can not purchase a primary reinforcer until they have earned enough.

What does this kind of a reinforcement system do for your children? It takes away the sense of entitlement a lot of kids have today. Instead of expecting privileges or activities for nothing on their part, they now have to earn them by the acquisition of tokens through their good behavior. A token economy can help a child be more responsible and teach them how to manage their resources. Something else that it does is teaches children to delay gratification where the world teaches them to expect and desire instant gratification. Lastly, the token economy can be used to extinguish misbehaviors and establish positive behaviors.

A token economy will require some effort on the part of the parent but the benefits far outweigh the small amount of time a parent has to invest in the program each day.
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BONUS : How To Work At Home With Young Children

IÂ’ve written a few simple rules to help you deal with the reality of working at home with young children. Your day may not go exactly like this, but at times it will probably come pretty close.

1. Start your day by telling the kids you are going to be working. Make sure you have enough time for last-minute demands, such as the urgent need to play “just one” game of Chutes and Ladders.

2. Remind kids of when they can disturb you while you work. “No, wanting a cookie is not an emergency.” “Yes, you can tell me if the cat is on fire.”

3. Remind husband of when he can disturb you while you work. “No, that’s not an emergency either. Give me a back rub after I’m done working and we’ll talk.”

4. Chase cat out of home office.

5. Clean up dishes from around computer. Take to kitchen and remind everyone they are supposed to eat in the kitchen, not the office.

6. Get cat out of office chair and put outside.

7. Get toddler out of office chair and send to Daddy. Close office door.

8. Hear toddler pounding on office door. Find teddy bear tucked behind computer and give to toddler.

9. Start working.

10. Hear kids arguing in hall just outside your office door. Remind them to be quiet for you. Try to get them to stop telling you their side of the story. Send kids to husband for mediation.

11. Take a deep breath. Get back to work.

12. Husband knocks on door to ask when dinner will be ready. With great restraint, remind him that itÂ’s his night to cook.

13. Try to remember what you were doing. Start new project when you canÂ’t figure it out.

14. Toddler comes in covered in paints. Older child follows, saying he didnÂ’t either leave them out. Yell to husband to give toddler a bath.

15. Find paint all over your paperwork. Do your best to clean it.

16. Main phone line rings. Answer because husband is too busy giving toddler a bath. Tell friend no you canÂ’t watch her kids for her tomorrow. Remind her that you do WORK at home.

17. Answer call that beeps through on call waiting. Tell mother-in-law no, you arenÂ’t interested in the outside the home job she just heard about. Yes, you are earning enough working at home. No, it isnÂ’t just a hobby. Explain you are working and canÂ’t talk for long. Hear all the reasons she thinks you need to find a different job.

18. Retreat back to office before kids realize you arenÂ’t in there.

19. Get some work done fast while the getting is good.

20. Soaking wet toddler comes charging in and demands you help dress her. Try to send to Daddy. Calm toddlerÂ’s tantrum as she insists she wants MOMMY to do it. Decide dressing her is faster than trying to calm her down other ways. Send clothed toddler back to Daddy.

21. Try to get settled back into working.

22. Hear smoke alarm go off. Dinner must be ready. Take a break and get something to eat with the family.

23. Head back to work. Find out you missed the call you had been expecting. Call them back.

24. Computer crashes. Wait for it to reboot.

25. Realize you hadnÂ’t saved the file you were working on. Autosave didnÂ’t quite get it all. Try to remember what you had been doing.

26. Realize your internet connection isnÂ’t working. Try to get automated tech support to give you a real person.

27. Kids come thundering into the room for bedtime hugs and to ask for a story. Take a break and enjoy.

28. Chase cat back out of office.

29. Find out cat walked all over your keyboard, deleting half your file and inserting random text.

30. Toddler has to go potty and wonÂ’t let Daddy help. Once thatÂ’s done, help toddler back to bed.

31. Peace and quiet at last. Get some work done before you fall asleep.
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